Before agar, microbiologists had experimented with other foodstuffs as microbial media. They turned to substances rich in the starches, proteins, sugars, fats, and minerals that organisms need for growth, testing with broths, bread, potatoes, polenta, egg whites, coagulated blood serums, and gelatine. However, none worked particularly well: all were easily broken down by heat and microbial enzymes, and their surface, once colonized, became mushy and unsuitable for isolating microbes.
根据教育部发布的数据，我国高校2010年招收博士生6.38万人，2015年博士招生7.44万人，2020年博士招生11.60万人，2024年博士招生17.11万人。由此测算，2010年～2015年间，我国博士招生总共只扩招1.1万人；2015～2020年，我国博士扩招4.2万人；而2020～2024年博士扩招5.5万人。也就是说，当前的博士招生规模是2010年的将近3倍，是2015年的2倍多。
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It is worth noting, too, that humans often follow a less rigorous process compared to the clean room rules detailed in this blog post, that is: humans often download the code of different implementations related to what they are trying to accomplish, read them carefully, then try to avoid copying stuff verbatim but often times they take strong inspiration. This is a process that I find perfectly acceptable, but it is important to take in mind what happens in the reality of code written by humans. After all, information technology evolved so fast even thanks to this massive cross pollination effect.